Ancient literature

by Tom Jerry Sun 19 Jun 2011, 2:25 pm

The history of literature begins with the history of writing, in Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. Writing develops out of proto-literate sign systems by the 30th century BC, although the oldest literary texts that have come down to us are several centuries younger, dating to the 27th or 26th century BC.

Literature of the Iron Age includes the earliest texts preserved in manuscript tradition (as opposed to archaeologically), including the Avestan Gathas, the Indian Vedas and the oldest parts of the Hebrew Bible.

Classical Antiquity is usually considered to begin with Homer in the 8th century BC and continues until the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, joined by Latin literature from the 3rd century BC. Besides the classics of the Western canon, this period also comprises the development of both classical Sanskrit literature and Sangam literature in India, and the Chinese classics in China, and the beginning of classical Syriac and Middle Persian literatures by Late Antiquity.

The following is a chronological list of historical literary works up to the 5th century AD, the conventional end of Classical Antiquity. Literature of the 6th to 9th centuries is covered separately, at Early Medieval literature. This cut-off date is of course somewhat arbitrary.

For a list of earliest testimony of each language, see list of languages by first written accounts.

Bronze Age

Early Bronze Age: 3rd millennium BC (approximate dates shown) The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC (classical Sumerian).[1] The earliest literary authors known by name are Shuruppak and Urukagina, dating to ca. the 27th and 24th centuries BC, respectively. Certain literary texts are difficult to date, such as the Egyptian Book of the Dead which was recorded in the Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BC, but other versions of the book probably date from about the 18th century BC.
2600 Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn
2600 Akkadian Legend of Etana [2]
2400 Egyptian Pyramid Texts, including the Cannibal Hymn
2400 Sumerian Code of Urukagina [3]
2400 Egyptian Palermo stone
2350 Egyptian The Maxims of Ptahhotep
2270 Sumerian Enheduanna's Hymns
2200 Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh [4]
2100 Sumerian Curse of Agade
2100 Sumerian Debate between Bird and Fish
2050 Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu
2000 Egyptian Coffin Texts
2000 Sumerian Lament for Ur
2000 Sumerian Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta

Middle Bronze Age: ca. 2000 to 1600 BC (approximate dates shown)

1950 Akkadian Laws of Eshnunna
1900 Sumerian Code of Lipit-Ishtar
1900 Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh
1850 Akkadian Kultepe texts
1800 Egyptian Story of Sinuhe (in Hieratic)
1800 Sumerian Eridu Genesis
1800 Akkadian Enûma Eliš
1800 Akkadian Atra-Hasis epic
1780 Akkadian Code of Hammurabi stele
1780 Akkadian Mari letters, including the Epic of Zimri-Lim
1750 Hittite Anitta text
1700 Egyptian Westcar Papyrus
1650 Egyptian Ipuwer Papyrus

Late Bronze Age: ca. 1600 to 1200 BC (approximate dates shown)

1700-1200 Vedic Sanskrit: approximate date of the family books of the Rigveda[5]
1600 Hittite Code of the Nesilim
1500 Akkadian Poor Man of Nippur [6]
1500 Hittite military oath
1550 Egyptian Book of the Dead
1500 Akkadian Dynasty of Dunnum[clarification needed (I can't find any online references to this work)]
1400 Akkadian Marriage of Nergal and Ereshkigal
1400 Akkadian Autobiography of Kurigalzu
1400 Akkadian Amarna letters
1330 Egyptian Great Hymn to the Aten
1240 Egyptian Papyrus of Ani, Book of the Dead
1200 Akkadian Tukulti-Ninurta Epic
1200 Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers [7]

Iron Age

Iron Age texts predating Classical Antiquity: 12th to 8th centuries BC

1200-1100 BC approximate date of books RV 1 and RV 10 in the Rigveda
1200-800 BC approximate date of the Vedic Sanskrit Yajurveda, Atharvaveda
1100-800 BC date of the redaction of the extant text of the Rigveda
1050 BC Egyptian Story of Wenamun
1000-600 BC Chinese Classic of Poetry (Shījīng), Classic of Documents (Shūjīng) (authentic portions), Classic of Changes (I Ching)
950 BC date of the Jahwist portions of the Torah according to the documentary hypothesis
900 BC Akkadian Epic of Erra
850 BC date of the Elohist portions of the Torah according to the documentary hypothesis

Classical Antiquity

See also Ancient Greek literature, Syriac literature, Latin literature, Indian literature, Hebrew literature, Avesta
See also: centuries in poetry: 7th, 6th, 5th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd, 1st

8th century BC

Greek Trojan War cycle, including the Iliad and the Odyssey
800-500 BC: Sanskrit Brahmanas
722–481 BC: Chinese Spring and Autumn Annals (Chūnqiū) (chronicles of the state of Lu)
oldest books of the Hebrew Bible (Book of Nahum, Book of Hosea, Book of Amos)

7th century BC

Greek:
Hesiod: The Theogony
Archilochus
Alcman
Semonides of Amorgos
Solon
Mimnermus
Stesichorus

6th century BC

Hebrew Bible: Psalms, Book of Ezekiel
Chinese: Sun Tzu: The Art of War (Sūnzǐ Bīngfǎ)
Sanskrit:
Sutra literature
some Mukhya Upanishads (Katha Upanishad, Maitrayaniya Upanishad)
Greek:
Sappho
Ibycus
Alcaeus of Mytilene
Aesop's Fables
5th century BC
5th century BC to 4th century AD: Sanskrit: Epics (Mahabharata and Ramayana)
Avestan: Yasht
Chinese:
Confucius: Analects (Lúnyǔ)
Classic of Rites (Lǐjì)
Commentaries of Zuo (Zuǒzhuàn)
Greek:
Pindar: Odes
Herodotus: The Histories of Herodotus
Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War
Aeschylus: The Suppliants, The Persians, Seven Against Thebes, Oresteia
Sophocles: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Electra and other plays
Euripides: Alcestis, Medea, Heracleidae, Hippolytus, Andromache, Hecuba, The Suppliants, Electra, Heracles, Trojan Women, Iphigeneia in Tauris, Ion, Helen, Phoenician Women, Orestes, Bacchae, Iphigeneia at Aulis, Cyclops, Rhesus
Aristophanes: The Acharnians, The Knights, The Clouds, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, Lysistrata, Thesmophoriazusae, The Frogs, Ecclesiazousae, Plutus
Hebrew: date of the extant text of the Torah
4th century BC
Hebrew: Book of Job, beginning of Hebrew wisdom literature
Chinese:
Laozi (or Lao Tzu): Tao Te Ching
Zhuangzi: Zhuangzi (book)
Mencius: Mencius
Greek:
Xenophon: Anabasis, Cyropaedia
Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics
Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Theaetetus, Parmenides, Symposium, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Menexenus, Republic, Timaeus
Euclid: Elements
Menander: Dyskolos
Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants
3rd century BC
Avestan: Avesta
Etruscan: Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis (Linen Book of Zagreb)
Sanskrit: Panchatantra by Vishnu Sarma
Tamil:
3rd century BC to 3rd century AD: Sangam poems
Tolkāppiyam (grammar book)

Hebrew: Ecclesiastes

Latin:
Lucius Livius Andronicus (c. 280/260 BC — c. 200 BC), translator, founder of Roman drama
Gnaeus Naevius (ca. 264 — 201 BC), dramatist, epic poet
Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254 — 184 BC), dramatist, composer of comedies: Poenulus, Miles Gloriosus, and other plays
Quintus Fabius Pictor (3rd century BC), historian
Lucius Cincius Alimentus (3rd century BC), military historian and antiquarian

Greek:
Manetho: Aegyptiaca
2nd century BC
Avestan: Vendidad
Chinese: Sima Qian: Records of the Grand Historian (Shǐjì)
Aramaic: Book of Daniel
Hebrew: Sirach

Greek :
Book of Wisdom
Septuagint

Latin:

Terence (195/185 BC — 159 BC), comic dramatist: The Brothers, The Girl from Andros, Eunuchus, The Self-Tormentor,
Quintus Ennius (239 BC — c. 169 BC), poet
Marcus Pacuvius (ca. 220 BC — 130 BC), tragic dramatist, poet
Statius Caecilius (220 BC — 168/166 BC), comic dramatist
Marcius Porcius Cato (234 BC — 149 BC), generalist, topical writer
Gaius Acilius (2nd century BC), historian
Lucius Accius (170 BC — c. 86 BC), tragic dramatist, philologist
Gaius Lucilius (c. 160's BC — 103/2 BC), satirist
Quintus Lutatius Catulus (2nd century BC), public officer, epigramatist
Aulus Furius Antias (2nd century BC), poet
Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus (130 BC — 87 BC), public officer, tragic dramatist
Lucius Pomponius Bononiensis (2nd century BC), comic dramatist, satirist
Lucius Cassius Hemina (2nd century BC), historian
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (2nd century BC), historian
Manius Manilius (2nd century BC), public officer, jurist
Lucius Coelius Antipater (2nd century BC), jurist, historian
Publius Sempronius Asellio (158 BC — after 91 BC), military officer, historian
Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus (2nd century BC), jurist
Lucius Afranius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), comic dramatist
Titus Albucius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), orator
Publius Rutilius Rufus (158 BC — after 78 BC), jurist
Quintus Lutatius Catulus (2nd & 1st centuries BC), public officer, poet
Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus (154 BC — 74 BC), philologist
Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), historian
Valerius Antias (2nd & 1st centuries BC), historian
Lucius Cornelius Sisenna (121 BC — 67 BC), soldier, historian
Quintus Cornificius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), rhetorician

1st century BC

Pali: Tipitaka

Latin:
Cicero: Catiline Orations, Pro Caelio, Dream of Scipio
Julius Caesar: Gallic Wars
Virgil: Eclogues, Georgics and Aeneid
Lucretius: On the Nature of Things
Livy: Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome)

1st century AD
Chinese: Ban Gu: Book of Han (Hànshū)
Greek:
Plutarch: Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
Josephus: The Jewish War, Antiquities of the Jews, Against Apion
The books of the New Testament

Latin:
Tacitus: Germania
Ovid: Metamorphoses
Pliny the Elder: Natural History
Petronius: Satyricon
Seneca the Younger: Phaedra, Dialogues

2nd century
Sanskrit: Aśvaghoṣa: Buddhacharita (Acts of the Buddha)
Pahlavi:
Yadegar-e Zariran (Memorial of Zarēr)
Visperad
Drakht-i Asurig (The Babylonian Tree)
Greek:
Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri
Epictetus and Arrian: Enchiridion
Ptolemy: Almagest
Athenaeus: The Banquet of the Learned
Pausanias: Description of Greece
Latin: see Classical Latin
Apuleius: The Golden Ass
Lucius Ampelius: Liber Memorialis
Suetonius: Lives of the Twelve Caesars
3rd century
Avestan: Khordeh Avesta (Zoroastrian prayer book)
Pahlavi: Mani: Shabuhragan (Manichaean holy book)
Chinese: Chen Shou: Records of Three Kingdoms (Sānguó Zhì)
Greek: Plotinus: Enneads
Latin:
Distichs of Cato
Hebrew: Mishnah

Late Antiquity

4th century

Latin:
Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus: De Re Militari
Augustine of Hippo: Confessions, On Christian Doctrine
Apicius (a.k.a. De re coquinaria, On the Subject of Cooking)
Pervigilium Veneris (Vigil of Venus)
Syriac: Aphrahat, Ephrem the Syrian
Hebrew: Gemara

5th century

Chinese: Fan Ye: Book of the Later Han (Hòuhànshū)
Sanskrit: Kālidāsa (speculated): The Recognition of Śakuntalā, The Cloud Messenger
Pahlavi:
Matigan-i Hazar Datistan (The Thousand Laws of the Magistan)
Frahang-i Oim-evak (Pahlavi-Avestan dictionary)
Latin: see Late Latin
Augustine of Hippo: The City of God
Paulus Orosius: Seven Books of History Against the Pagans
Jerome: Vulgate
Prudentius: Psychomachia
Consentius's grammar
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite: Celestial Hierarchy, Mystical Theology

by Tom Jerry Sun 19 Jun 2011, 5:20 pm

Artikel di atas adalah sejarah literatur/penulisan sejak Zaman Perunggu (abad ke 30 SM) sampai dengan Zaman Antik Klasik (abad ke-5 M).

PERTANYAAN:

1. Ada Alkitab (Bible) ngak di sana?

2. Mengapa Muslim menganggap hanya Alkitab (Bible) yang sudah tidak murni lagi (mengalami pemalsuan)? (Bagaimana dengan tulisan2 lain seperti: Hittite military oath; Egyptian Book of the Dead; Akkadian Autobiography of Kurigalzu; Akkadian Amarna letters; Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers; Laozi (or Lao Tzu): Tao Te Ching; Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics; Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Theaetetus, Parmenides, Symposium, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Menexenus, Republic, Timaeus; dsb…dsb…dsb…., apakah juga mengalami pemalsuan…???)

3. Kemampuan menulis manusia atas berbagai kejadian sejak Zaman Perunggu (abad ke 30 SM) sampai dengan Zaman Antik Klasik (abad ke-5 M) adalah berkat dari Tuhan untuk umat manusia. Mungkinkah Tuhan membuat karya2 tulis tersebut menjadi tidak berarti bagi umat manusia… sehingga harus dibuang saja ke tong sampah…??? Atau apakah karya2 tulis tersebut memuat informasi2 yang berarti bagi manusia…???

4. Sekilas tentang Amarna Letters (Surat2 Amarna)

Ancient literature Amarnaakkadiantablet

Tablet (Loh) Amarna Letters

Amarna Letters (Surat2 Amarna - kadang disebut "korespondensi Amarna" atau "tablet Amarna") adalah arsip surat-menyurat pada tablet (loh) tanah liat yang sebagian besarnya menyangkut masalah diplomatik antara pemerintah Mesir dan wakil-wakilnya di Kanaan dan Amurru selama Kerajaan Baru. Surat2 ini ditemukan di Mesir Hulu di Amarna, nama modern untuk ibukota Mesir Akhetaten yang didirikan oleh Firaun Akhenaten (1350-an – 1330-an SM) selama dinasti kedelapan belas Mesir. Surat2 Amarna tidak biasa dalam penemuan Mesirologi karena sebagian besarnya ditulis dalam bahasa Akkadia, sistem penulisan memakai cara Mesopotamia kuno daripada cara Mesir kuno. Tablet yang dikenal saat ini berjumlah 382 buah. Tablet Amarna ini penting ngak bagi umat manusia...???

by Tom Jerry Fri 24 Jun 2011, 4:03 pm

Tom Jerry wrote:2. Mengapa Muslim menganggap hanya Alkitab (Bible) yang sudah tidak murni lagi (mengalami pemalsuan)? (Bagaimana dengan tulisan2 lain seperti: Hittite military oath; Egyptian Book of the Dead; Akkadian Autobiography of Kurigalzu; Akkadian Amarna letters; Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers; Laozi (or Lao Tzu): Tao Te Ching; Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics; Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Theaetetus, Parmenides, Symposium, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Menexenus, Republic, Timaeus; dsb…dsb…dsb…., apakah juga mengalami pemalsuan…???)

up.. up..

by lihd Fri 24 Jun 2011, 4:06 pm

Tom Jerry wrote:
Tom Jerry wrote:2. Mengapa Muslim menganggap hanya Alkitab (Bible) yang sudah tidak murni lagi (mengalami pemalsuan)? (Bagaimana dengan tulisan2 lain seperti: Hittite military oath; Egyptian Book of the Dead; Akkadian Autobiography of Kurigalzu; Akkadian Amarna letters; Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers; Laozi (or Lao Tzu): Tao Te Ching; Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics; Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Theaetetus, Parmenides, Symposium, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Menexenus, Republic, Timaeus; dsb…dsb…dsb…., apakah juga mengalami pemalsuan…???)
up.. up..

Nih TS Bro BOTELHEM yg menjelaskan kenapa Bible sudah tdk murni.... Jelas Kok..

https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/t9199-rangkuman-lengkap-tentang-keburukan-kristen-dan-kitabnya#70498

Tinggal BUKA MATA, BUKA HATI.... buang DOGMA yg udah berkarat dijiwamu Bung Tom Smile

by BOTELHEM Fri 24 Jun 2011, 4:14 pm

lihd wrote:
Tom Jerry wrote:
Tom Jerry wrote:2. Mengapa Muslim menganggap hanya Alkitab (Bible) yang sudah tidak murni lagi (mengalami pemalsuan)? (Bagaimana dengan tulisan2 lain seperti: Hittite military oath; Egyptian Book of the Dead; Akkadian Autobiography of Kurigalzu; Akkadian Amarna letters; Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers; Laozi (or Lao Tzu): Tao Te Ching; Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics; Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Theaetetus, Parmenides, Symposium, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Menexenus, Republic, Timaeus; dsb…dsb…dsb…., apakah juga mengalami pemalsuan…???)
up.. up..

Nih TS Bro BOTELHEM yg menjelaskan kenapa Bible sudah tdk murni.... Jelas Kok..

https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/t9199-rangkuman-lengkap-tentang-keburukan-kristen-dan-kitabnya#70498

Tinggal BUKA MATA, BUKA HATI.... buang DOGMA yg udah berkarat dijiwamu Bung Tom

@Tomjer
Sebenarnya kata pemalsuan saya rasa kurang tepat, karena yang lebih tepat itu adalah ''tidak murni'' lagi seperti yang dikatakan Bro Lihd...
Lihat saja penambahan ayat dalam Al-Kitab, revisi dll...

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